2012年7月6日 星期五

紅外線波長 - IR wavelength


CIE分類系統

國際照明委員會 (CIE)建議將紅外線區分為以下三個類別:
  • 紅外線-A (IR-A):700奈米(nm)-1,400奈米 (0.7微米-1.4微米)
  • 紅外線-B (IR-B):1,400奈米-3,000奈米 (1.4微米-3微米)
  • 紅外線-C (IR-C):3,000奈米-1毫米 (3微米-1,000微米)
一般使用者的分類是:
  • 近紅外線 (NIR, IR-A DIN):波長在0.75-1.4微米,以水的吸收來定義,由於在二氧化矽玻璃中的低衰減率,通常使用在光纖通信中。在這個區域的波長對影像的增強非常敏銳。例如,包括夜視設備,像是夜視鏡。
  • 短波長紅外線 (SWIR, IR-B DIN):1.4-3微米,水的吸收在1,450奈米顯著的增加。1,530至1,560奈米是主導遠距離通信的主要光譜區域。
  • 中波長紅外線 (MWIR, IR-C DIN) 也稱為中紅外線:波長在3-8微米。被動式的紅外線追熱導向飛彈技術在設計上就是使用3-5微米波段的大氣窗口來工作,對飛機紅外線標識的歸航,通常是針對飛機引擎排放的羽流。
  • 長波長紅外線 (LWIR, IR-C DIN):8-15微米。這是"熱成像"的區域,在這個波段的感測器不需要其他的光或外部熱源,例如太陽、月球或紅外燈,就可以獲得完整的熱排放量的被動影像。前視性紅外線(FLIR)系統使用這個區域的頻譜。,有時也會被歸類為"遠紅外線"
  • 遠紅外線 (FIR):15-1,000微米 (參見遠紅外線雷射)。
NIR和SWIR有時被稱為"反射紅外線",而MWIR和LWIR有時被稱為"熱紅外線",這是基於黑體輻射曲線的特性,典型的'熱'物體,像是排氣管,同樣的物體通常在MW的波段會比在LW波段下來得更為明亮。

ISO 20473分類

名稱縮寫波長
近紅外線NIR0.78 - 3 微米
中紅外線MIR3 - 50微米
遠紅外線FIR50 – 1,000微米

天文學分類方案

天文學家通常將以如下的波段區分紅外線的範圍:
名稱縮寫波長
近紅外線NIR(0.7-1)至5微米
中紅外線MIR5 至 (25-40) 微米
遠紅外線FIR(25-40) 至 (200-350) 微米
這種分類不是很精確,而且和發佈的單位有關。這三種區域分別用於觀測不同溫度的範圍,以及不同環境下的空間。

感測器回應分類方案

  • 近紅外線 | (Near Infra-red, NIR)| 700~ 2,000nm | 0.7~2 MICRON
  • 中紅外線 | (Middle Infra-red, MIR)| 3,000~ 5,000nm | 3~5 MICRON
  • 遠紅外線 | (Far Infra-red, FIR)| 8,000~14,000nm | 8~14 MICRON

2012年7月4日 星期三

SNMP - Simple Network Management Protocol


Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an "Internet-standard protocol for managing devices on IP networks." Devices that typically support SNMP include routers, switches, servers, workstations, printers, modem racks, and more."[1] It is used mostly in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices for conditions that warrant administrative attention. SNMP is a component of the Internet Protocol Suite as defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It consists of a set ofstandards for network management, including an application layer protocol, a database schema, and a set of data objects.[2]
SNMP exposes management data in the form of variables on the managed systems, which describe the system configuration. These variables can then be queried (and sometimes set) by managing applications.

Overview and basic concepts


In typical SNMP uses, one or more administrative computers, called managers, have the task of monitoring or managing a group of hosts or devices on a computer network. Each managed system executes, at all times, a software component called an agent which reports information via SNMP to the manager.
Essentially, SNMP agents expose management data on the managed systems as variables. The protocol also permits active management tasks, such as modifying and applying a new configuration through remote modification of these variables. The variables accessible via SNMP are organized in hierarchies. These hierarchies, and other metadata (such as type and description of the variable), are described by Management Information Bases (MIBs).
An SNMP-managed network consists of three key components:
  • Managed device
  • Agent — software which runs on managed devices
  • Network management system (NMS) — software which runs on the manager
managed device is a network node that implements an SNMP interface that allows unidirectional (read-only) or bidirectional access to node-specific information. Managed devices exchange node-specific information with the NMSs. Sometimes called network elements, the managed devices can be any type of device, including, but not limited to, routers,access serversswitchesbridgeshubsIP telephonesIP video cameras, computer hosts, and printers.
An agent is a network-management software module that resides on a managed device. An agent has local knowledge of management information and translates that information to or from an SNMP specific form.
network management system (NMS) executes applications that monitor and control managed devices. NMSs provide the bulk of the processing and memory resources required for network management. One or more NMSs may exist on any managed network.


About Basic SNMP Message Types and Commands

There are three basic SNMP message types:
Get—NMS-initiated requests used by an NMS to monitor managed devices. The NMS examines different variables that are maintained by managed devices.
Set—NMS-initiated commands used by an NMS to control managed devices. The NMS changes the values of variables stored within managed devices.
Trap—Agent-initiated messages sent from a managed device, which reports events to the NMS.
The Cisco IOS generates SNMP traps for many distinct network conditions. Through SNMP traps, the Network Operations Center (NOC) is notified of network events, such as:
Link up/down changes
Configuration changes
Temperature thresholds
CPU overloads

Note For a list of Cisco-supported SNMP traps, go to http://www.cisco.com/public/mibs/traps/

Figure 2
SNMP Event Interactions Between the NMS and the Agent




成本、保險費加運費 (需指定目的地) CIF (Cost, Insurance and Freight)


(1)是國貿條規及修訂美國對外貿易定義解釋的貿易條件。
(2)意義:賣方於起運地裝貨港船上交貨,故賣方負責沿船、裝船並預付目的地港海上運費又負責洽購海上保險並支付保費。
(3)責任:貨物通過大船欄杆前的風險歸賣方負擔,通過大船欄杆之後其風險歸買方負擔。
(4)海關習稱到岸價格。
(5)公式:FOB+I+F=C&F+I=CIF。
(6)此價賣方提供買方三個主要貨運單據為商業發票(Com-mercial Invoice)、提單(Bill of Lading)、保險單(Insurance Policy)。
CIF術語要求賣方辦理貨物出口清關手續。
該術語僅適用於海運和內河運輸。若當事方無意越過船舷交貨則應使用CIP術語。
A 賣方義務
B 買方義務
A1 提供符合合同規定的貨物
賣方必須提供符合銷售合同規定的貨物和商業發票或有同等作用的電子訊息,以及合同可能要求的、證明貨物符合合同規定的其他任何憑證。
B1 支付價款
買方必須按照銷售合同規定支付價款。
A2 許可證、其他許可和手續
賣方必須自擔風險和費用,取得任何出口許可證或其他官方許可,並在需要辦理海關手續時,辦理貨物出口貨物所需的一切海關手續。
B2 許可證、其他許可和手續
買方必須自擔風險和費用,取得任何進口許可證或其他官方許可,並在需要辦理海關手續時,辦理貨物進口及從他國過境的一切海關手續。
A3 運輸合同和保險合同
a)運輸合同
賣方必須自付費用,按照通常條件訂立運輸合同,經由慣常航線,將貨物用通常可供運輸合同所指貨物類型的海輪(或依情況適合內河運輸的船隻)裝運至指定的目的港。
b)保險合同
賣方必須按照合同規定,自付費用取得貨物保險,並向買方提供保險單或其他保險證據,以使買方或任何其他對貨物具有保險利益的人有權直接向保險人索賠。保 險合同應與信譽良好的保險人或保險公司訂立,在無相反明確協議時,應按照《協會貨物保險條款》(倫敦保險人協會)或其他類似條款中的最低保險險別投保。保 險期限應按照B5和B4規定。應買方要求,並由買方負擔費用,賣方應加投戰爭、罷工、暴亂和民變險,如果能投保的話。最低保險金額應包括合同規定價款另加 10%(即110%),並應採用合同貨幣。
B3 運輸合同與保險合同
a)運輸合同
無義務。
b)保險合同
無義務。
A4 交貨
賣方必須在裝運港,在約定的日期或期限內,將貨物交至船上。
B4 受領貨物
買方必須在賣方已按照A4規定交貨時受領貨物,並在指定的目的港從承運人處收受貨物。
A5 風險轉移
除B5規定者外,賣方必須承擔貨物滅失或損壞的一切風險,直至貨物在裝運港越過船舷為止。
B5 風險轉移
買方必須承擔貨物在裝運港越過船舷之後滅失或損壞的一切風險。
如買方未按照B7規定給予賣方通知,買方必須從約定的裝運日期或裝運期限屆滿之日起,承擔貨物滅失或損壞的一切風險,但以該項貨物已正式劃歸合同項下,即清楚地劃出或以其他方式確定為合同項下之貨物為限。
A6 費用劃分
除B6規定者外,賣方必須支付
與貨物有關的一切費用,直至已經按照A4規定交貨為止;及
按照A3a)規定所發生的運費和其他一切費用,包括貨物的裝船費;及
按照A3b)規定所發生的保險費用;及
根據運輸合同由賣方支付的、在約定卸貨港的任何卸貨費用;及
在需要辦理海關手續時,貨物出口需要辦理的海關手續費用及出口時應繳納的一切關稅、稅款和其他費用,以及根據運輸合同規定由賣方支付的貨物從他國過境的費用。
B6 費用劃分
除A3a)規定外,買方必須支付
自按照A4規定交貨時起的一切費用;及
貨物在運輸途中直至到達目的港為止的一切費用,除非這些費用根據運輸合同應由賣方支付;及
包括駁運費和碼頭費在內的卸貨費,除非這些費用根據運輸合同應由賣方支付;及
如買方未按照B7規定給予賣方通知,則自約定的裝運日期或裝運期限屆滿之日起,貨物所發生的一切額外費用,但以該項貨物已正式劃歸合同項下,即清楚地劃出或以其他方式確定為合同項下之貨物為限;及
在需要辦理海關手續時,貨物進口應交納的一切關稅、稅款和其他費用,及辦理海關手續的費用,以及需要時從他國過境的費用,除非這些費用已包括在運輸合同中。
A7 通知買方
賣方必須給予買方說明貨物已按照A4規定交貨的充分通知,以及要求的任何其他通知,以便買方能夠為受領貨物採取通常必要的措施。
B7 通知賣方
一旦買方有權決定裝運貨物的時間和/或目的港,買方必須就此給予賣方充分通知。
A8 交貨憑證、運輸單據或有同等作用的電子訊息
賣方必須自付費用,毫不遲延地向買方提供表明載往約定目的港的通常運輸單據。
此單據(如可轉讓提單、不可轉讓海運單或內河運輸單據)必須載明合同貨物,其日期應在約定的裝運期內,使買方得以在目的港向承運人提取貨物,並且,除非另有約定,應使買方得以通過轉讓單據(可轉讓提單)或通過通知承運人 ,向其後手買方出售在途貨物。
如此運輸單據有數份正本,則應向買方提供全套正本。
如買賣雙方約定使用電子方式通訊,則前項所述單據可以由具有同等作用的電子資料交換(EDI)訊息代替。
B8 交貨憑證、運輸單據或有同等作用的電子訊息
買方必須接受按照A8規定提供的運輸單據,如果該單據符合合同規定的話。
A9 查對、包裝、標記
賣方必須支付為按照A4規定交貨所需進行的查對費用(如核對貨物品質、丈量、過磅、點數的費用)。
賣方必須自付費用,提供符合其安排的運輸所要求的包裝(除非按照相關行業慣例該合同所描述貨物無需包裝發運)。包裝應作適當標記。
B9 貨物檢驗
買方必須支付任何裝運前檢驗的費用,但出口國有關當局強制進行的檢驗除外。
A10 其他義務
應買方要求並由其承當風險和費用,賣方必須給予買方一切協助,以幫助買方取得由裝運地國和/或原產地國所簽發或傳送的、為買方進口貨物可能要求的和必要時從他國過境所需的任何單據或有同等作用的電子訊息(A8所列的除外)。 應買方要求,賣方必須向買方提供額外投保所需的資訊。
B10 其他義務
買方必須支付因獲取A10所述單據或有同等作用的電子訊息所發生的一切費用,並償付賣方因給予協助而發生的費用。應賣方要求,買方必須向其提供投保所需的資訊。

2012年7月3日 星期二

SLOC - Security Link Over Coax

與 SDI & HD CCTV非常像




The Intersil Techwell SLOC™ (Security Link over Coax) solution is designed to simultaneously transmit analog CVBS video and digital IP video over a single coaxial cable. Surveillance system manufacturers can now architect an effective hybrid surveillance system that supports latency-free analog CCTV functions as well as networked IP surveillance functions.
  • Enable digital IP camera functionality on existing coaxial wiring infrastructure with no disruption of existing CCTV services
  • Embedded analog CVBS video enables latency-free live viewing and controlling of digital IP cameras
  • No need for new wiring or cable modifications providing significant cost and resource savings
Intersil Corporation近日宣佈,Sony Corporation已決定將革命性的Intersil同軸電纜安全鏈路技術(Security Link Over CoaxSLOC™)整合到該公司多款2011年網路監控攝影機。此SLOC技術與Sony網路攝影機的結合,將進一步加速網路影像監控方案的推動。

SLOC技術是由Intersil Techwell團隊開發,並運用於IntersilTW3801TW3811元件中。這項獨特的技術允許在一條單一的同軸纜線上,同時傳輸類比CVBS影像和數位IP影像,讓百萬畫素網路攝影機可以在既有的CCTV同軸纜線設備上作業,有效距離長達500公尺。

這種高效率Hybrid監控系統,可支援零延遲的類比CCTVIP網路監控功能。SLOC元件將直接整合到Sony 2011年新款網路監控攝影機,為客戶提供彈性的解決方案,以支援零延遲的實時預覽監控和傳統的即時PTZ控制。


2012年6月30日 星期六

PoE


Class PMIN PMAX ICLASS (MIN) ICLASS (MAX) RCLASS
0 0.44 W 12.95 W 0 mA 4 mA Open
1 0.44 W 3.84 W 9 mA 12 mA 150 Ohm
2 3.84 W 6.49 W 17 mA 20 mA 82.5 Ohm
3 6.49 W 12.95 W 26 mA 30 mA 53.6 Ohm
4 Reserved Reserved 36 mA 44 mA 38.3 Ohm
Table 1. Classification Power Levels.





Hi Definition

High-definition video or HD video is any video system of higher resolution than standard-definition (SD) video, and most commonly involves display resolutions of 1,280×720 pixels (720p) or 1,920×1,080 pixels (1080i/1080p).

資料來源: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video

2012年6月29日 星期五

ONVIF

ONVIF - the market's leading standardization initiative for IP-based physical security products. Founded in 2008, the forum already has more than 330 members, representing the majority of the world's largest manufacturers of network video equipment.



The open and independent organization
ONVIF is open to all companies and interest groups who would like to participate in the work of the forum. It is a non-profit organization with the goal to create a global standard for IP-based physical security. Membership comes at three levels of engagement, and the organization has clearly defined membership rules. This ensures that:
  • decisions within ONVIF are taken in a democratic manner
  • the forum is driven by the interest of its members
  • all members have equal voting rights (one company - one vote)
  • there is transparency and clarity in all forum activities


The Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) is a global and open industry forum with the goal to facilitate the development and use of a global open standard for the interface of physical IP-based security products. Or in other words, to create a standard for how IP products within video surveillance and other physical security areas can communicate with each other. ONVIF is an organization started in 2008 by Axis CommunicationsBosch Security Systems and Sony.
It was officially incorporated as a non-profit, 501(c)6 Delaware corporation on November 25, 2008. ONVIF membership is open to manufacturers, software developers, consultants, system integrators, end-users and other interest groups that wish to participate in the activities of ONVIF. The ONVIF specification aims to achieve interoperability between network video products regardless of manufacturer.
The cornerstones of ONVIF are:
  • Standardization of communication between network video devices
  • Interoperability between network video products regardless of manufacturer
  • Open to all companies and organizations

An open and independent organization

ONVIF is open to all companies and interest groups who would like to participate in the work of the forum. It is a non-profit organization with the goal to create a global standard for network video products. Membership comes at three levels of engagement, and the organization has clearly defined membership rules. This ensures that:
  • decisions within ONVIF are taken in a democratic manner
  • the forum is driven by the interest of its members
  • all members have equal voting rights (one company - one vote)
  • there is transparency and clarity in all forum activities

Focus on interoperability

Product interoperability is a driving force behind ONVIF, and this means that there must be a way for manufacturers to verify their implementation and to ensure that their products are conformant with the specification. ONVIF makes this possible by providing a test specification, a test tool and a formal conformance process.

Organization and implementation

ONVIF has moved forward following the plans laid out in 2008. The first versions of the ONVIF core specification and test specification were made public in the end of 2008. Since then, several working groups within the forum have been formed to develop the specification further and to enable the members to develop and market conformant products.
ONVIF members include companies active within video surveillance, in particular network video device manufacturers (such as network cameras/IP cameras and video encoders), integrators and video management systems companies.

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